Monolithic Kernel
- All core OS services (memory management, process scheduling, file systems, drivers) reside in kernel space.
- Example: Linux Kernel.
- Pros: Fast performance, direct access to hardware.
- Cons: Large codebase, difficult debugging, crashes can affect the whole system.
Microkernel
- Minimal core kernel, with most services running in user space.
- Example: QNX, Minix.
- Pros: Stability, modularity, better security.
- Cons: Performance overhead due to inter-process communication (IPC).